Proof
– which step does this proof go wrong in?
Statement S(n): In any group of n people, everyone in that group has the
same age. E.g. All the people in the UK have the same age.
- In any group that consists of just one person, everybody in the
group has the same age, because after all there is only one person!
- Therefore, statement S(1) is true.
- The next stage in the induction argument is
to prove that, whenever S(n) is true for one number
(say n=k), it is also true for the next number (that
is, n = k+1).
- We can do this by (1) assuming that, in every group of k people,
everyone has the same age; then (2) deducing from it that, in every group
of k+1 people, everyone has the same age.
- Let G be an arbitrary group of k+1
people; we just need to show that every member of G has
the same age.
- To do this, we just need to show that, if P and Q are
any members of G, then they have the same age.
- Consider everybody in G except P.
These people form a group of k people, so they must all
have the same age (since we are assuming that, in any group of k people,
everyone has the same age).
- Consider everybody in G except Q.
Again, they form a group of k people, so they must all
have the same age.
- Let R be someone else in G other
than P or Q.
- Since Q and R each belong to the
group considered in step 7, they are the same age.
- Since P and R each belong to the
group considered in step 8, they are the same age.
- Since Q and R are the same age,
and P and R are the same age, it follows
that P and Q are the same age.
- We have now seen that, if we consider any two people P and Q in G,
they have the same age. It follows that everyone in G has
the same age.
- The proof is now complete: we have shown that the statement is true
for n=1, and we have shown that whenever it is true for n=k it
is also true for n=k+1, so by induction it is true for
all n.
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